Slip Casting/ Ceramic Sculpture

WHAT IS SLIP CASTING? Slip casting is a process of creating ceramic forms by casting liquid clay (slip) into plaster molds. This process is most useful when you want to make multiples of a form. The molds enable you to create identical copies. —————– In the classroom, slip cast multiples can be used to†¦. -create multiples of a student’s ceramic artwork (for gift giving or a new sculpture of multiples) -create identical starting forms that students will manipulate to create their own unique artwork – try out different glaze techniques on – allow experimentation without the fear of â€Å"ruining† the artwork Materials All you need for slip casting: Plaster mold, Clay slip, kiln Necessary items if you want to make your molds: five gallon bucket, plasticene ( non hardening clay), Vaseline /liquid soap, hammer , chisel/screwdriver, —– Plaster and slip are available at most ceramic supply centers. I listed some local suppliers on the resources page in this packet. Plaster comes in a couple different types. Pottery plaster is the standard and readily available at ceramic supply stores. Casting plaster is only necessary if you want to make extremely detailed pieces. I go with the cheapest and it works fine for classwork. Just as  clay comes in many forms, so does slip. The texture and chemical content of the slip dictate what type of clay body it forms. Clay slip bodies range from fine delicate porcelain to coarse strong stoneware. Your firing temperature depends on the content of your slip. For normal classroom use I use low fire white casting slip. It is available in premixed 2gallon bags from most ceramic supply stores. It usually runs about 8 dollars a bag. Four gallons is enough for a class of twelve to make at least two ten inch hollow forms. HOW EXACTLY do you CAST SLIP? First, you need a mold made of plaster. It must be plaster because the plaster absorbs the water from the slip. Fill the mold with slip. As the mold absorbs the water, the level of the slip in the mold will go down requiring you to top off the mold. You want the slip to stay level with the horizontal surface of the mold. If you want a hollow form , you have to dump out the excess slip. Watch for an eighth of an inch skin of slip to form on the edges of the piece before you dump the slip. That skin is now the wall of your hollow piece. For small pieces, it only takes about five minutes before you are able to dump out the excess slip. If you leave a mold filled with slip too long, the ceramic piece will be thick and heavy. Which doesn’t really matter, but it wastes a lot of slip. If you don't leave it in long enough, it will tear as it comes out of the mold and be useless. You can pour solid. Usually this practice is used for plates, bowls, and other utility items. To pour solid, just keep filling the mold with slip until it stops sucking up slip. [pic] HOW DO YOU get the piece OUT OF the MOLD? After you have dumped the excess slip, the mold has to sit and dry. The mold pulls the water out of the clay and dries the piece out. To speed up the drying you can use a fan, blowing across the molds, or put your molds on top of a hot kiln. The larger the piece the longer it will take to dry. If you leave a piece in the mold too long, it will dry out too much and crack. If you don't leave it in long enough, it won't come out easily and will tear. You can tell if a piece is ready to come out of the mold if it has pulled away from the sides of the mold/pour hole. When the casting is dry enough to take out, gently pull your casting, now more like leatherhard clay, out of the mold. It should release easily, if the piece is dry enough. Try to pull the piece straight out of the mold to keep from warping its shape. When the piece comes out of the mold it will be a dark gray. Once out of the mold it will continue to dry and will turn light gray. After the piece has dried to a light gray almost white, it is ready to fire in the kiln. Adapted from: http://www. rykerstudios. com/ceramics/articles/slipcasting. htm RESOURCES Casting Slip Available in Atlanta from: — Daven’s Ceramic Center http://davensceramiccenter. com/ 5076 Peachtree Road, Atlanta, GA   30341 Fax:   770-455-7012 4805. Atlanta Area   770-451-2105 [email  protected] om Casting Supplies ONLINE — Axner Ceramic Supply http://www. axner. com/axner/supplies/slip-casting. php — mold making and casting materials http://www. smooth-on. com/ How to Resources: Trouble shooting guide- http://aardvarkclay. com/pdf/technical/Basics%20of%20slip%20casting. pdf Short History of slip casting- http://www. lindawilsonceramics. co. za/3. ht ml Deflocculation of slip-(make your own)– http://ceramic-materials. com/cermat/education/213. html Videos- YouTube Video- http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=8u_SABU_8d0 Advanced mold making video demos- http://www. smooth-on. com/media. php

Importance of English in life Essay

Today no area of life is untouched by English. Be it communication in daily life, ascending the career graph, communicating in mass media, higher education, and no end. Our international relations are dependent on it. Our perceptions of people are dependent on the use of this language. We have become so much dependent on this language that even in our daily communication we find it difficult to speak our Indian languages and Hindi without the use of English words. So, the question naturally arises that what makes it so ubiquitous so omnipresent and so indispensable. English people ruled a vast swath of land in order to fulfill their imperialistic ambitions. It was said that in English rule, sun never sets, because the colonies were present across the globe. English people incorporated words from every language to express the diversity which also gradually became the part and parcel of it, it made the language rich. Now in modern science and technology, we are mostly dependent on this language due to very versatility it offers and encompasses the various kinds of thought well. Read more: Speech on importance of English essay But unfortunately we still see that in some parts English is treated as foreign language and some politicians and pseudo nationalists argue that we need to exterminate it and protect our culture and identity. These are the same people who will find it difficult to speak pure Hindi themselves. They do it with vested interests but it harms a large number of people, who remains lagging in their careers due to that. English has become utmost important now a days. Even we preach the concept of â€Å"Vasudhaiv Kutumbkam† and in this purview we see that English enjoys the familiarity of people from across the globe. So due to this advantage, it is rightly needed that it should be learn t by all to communicate well. It is also needed that we must respect our language as well but we simply cannot do away with English. Learning english is important for our daily life.. As we all know, English is the one of important language in this world. If we cannot speak English even a little bit, we are called as a very poor in this community. We also cannot improve our life if we worst in English. We will feel loser if we in the group that use English as a medium to speak. According to the research that have been made by the group of University Malay, 70% of undergraduate student especially Malay student are not use English as a medium to speak. It’s show that most of the student do not want to use English as a main language in their life. People always said that we must use our country language so that it indicate we love our country. The statement is not fault but we also must learn English for our future life such as to find a job, to communicate with foreigner, easy to understand if we find information through online and easy for student to survive in university life because most of the university in Malaysia use English as a medium to speak. One of the reason why we must learn English in our daily life is English is important to get a job. In this era, many people are jobless eventhough they have a degree. It is because they do not have a soft skill. Eventhough we got the best result in examination but we cannot speak in English, it is hard for us to find a job. Example is, if we want to work with a giant company such as Petronas, Sime Darby, Schlumberger and etc we need to face many process. One of the process is interview. Interview is one of the important process for us to face if we want to work with a giant company. Many giant company have a francais at the other country. So, they use international language that is English as a medium to communicate among the others. Therefore, they must do an interview in English to find an employee. If we have a soft skill like can speak fluently in English, the company will not hesitate to take us as one of their employee†¦.

Poem Templates

Poetic Forms Template†¦. You should approach this assignment from the perspective that you are teaching someone how to write the type of poem that you have selected. That means, defining and providing the characteristics of the type of poetry that you have selected as well as an approach to composing. TYPE: English SonnetThe English Sonnet, also known as a Shakespearian Sonnet, can be written about any subject.This type of poem is written in iambic pentameter (10 syllables or 5 feet in a line, one foot is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable) and consists of three quatrains and a concluding couplet. This means that the poem has three groups of four lines and an additional couplet to finish the poem. The English Sonnet follows a specific rhyme pattern, it goes: abab cdcd efef gg. This demonstrates the pattern by showing what lines rhyme with each other.The first and third line are both ‘a’s and therefore must rhyme with each other. | Example of Engl ish Sonnet: BarmaidBy: William Ernest Henley1 Though, if you ask her name, she says Elise,2 Being plain Elizabeth, e'en let it pass,3 And own that, if her aspirates take their ease,4 She ever makes a point, in washing glass,5 Handling the engine, turning taps for tots,6 And countering change, and scorning what men say,7 Of posing as a dove among the pots,8 Nor often gives her dignity away. Her head's a work of art, and, if her eyes10 Be tired and ignorant, she has a waist;11 Cheaply the Mode she shadows; and she tries12 From penny novels to amend her taste;13 And, having mopped the zinc for certain years,14 And faced the gas, she fades and disappear|My Original Piece:When Friends LeaveBy: Luke Longstreet1 I may have a good life, is it enough? 2 I have lifelong friends, but they are now gone. 3 Off to university, it’s been tough,4 We used to hang out till the strike of dawn. 5 Sometimes I wish I was a year older,6 So I could be with them and not right here. Since they have gon e life seems so much colder,8 For without them the boring days draw near. 9 Some days are harder than others to face,10 Problems with depression are on my plate. 11 These troubles make my parents start to pace,12 I know I will see them again, it’s fate. 13 I miss them with all my heart, but I know14 They miss me too; it’s just too hard to show. Works CitedHenley, William Ernest. Barmaid. London: Macmillan and Co, Print. .| The form of an English Sonnet allows for the writer of the poem to establish a strong theme and description of the theme because of the amount of lines the poet has to use.The rhyme scheme also has a repeat of sounds and therefore makes the message come across stronger because the memory of what was previously said comes back once the reader hears the repeated sound. The structure of the Sonnet is almost like a brief essay, the first quatrain is the intro of the theme, the next two quatrains explain about the theme and the couplet at the end, conclud es the poem. The form of the English Sonnet is very effective although it can be considered more difficult to write than other types of poems. || Poetic Forms Template†¦.You should approach this assignment from the perspective that you are teaching someone how to write the type of poem that you have selected. That means, defining and providing the characteristics of the type of poetry that you have selected as well as an approach to composing. TYPE: HaikuDefinition and â€Å"How to†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Explanation for this type of poem:A Haiku poems is a poem that consists of three lines, the first having five syllables, the second has seven and the third five syllables. | Example of Chosen Poem Form: An old silent pond†¦A frog jumps into the pond,splash! Silence again. by Basho Matsuo|My Original Piece:Poetic ChallengeBy: Luke LongstreetWho challenges me? Master of all the Haiku. I will kill you now! | Explanation of How Form Affects Theme The form of the Haiku allows for the po et to be very broad about the theme because the poet only has seventeen syllables to tell the reader what they want to say. Haiku’s are fairly simplistic because there are not a lot of guidelines to the form. These poems are usually about nature but can be written about anything. | Luke’s Original ClerihewSteven went to the store,But he could not open the door. He screamed a shout, Then wept with a pout. |Luke’s Original ViatorChills run down my spine when I see your grace,The way you move makes it hard to mistake. It shines a light on your beautiful face. There is no way that your smile could be fake,Because that would take away perfection. I remember those nights at the quiet lake. We would talk about interpretations, Of how our lives will change the earths’ nations. |

BUSINESS LAW Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BUSINESS LAW Master - Essay Example In addition negligence is a legal cause f damage if it directly or contributes to produce such damage, so it is reasonably to say that the loss, injury or damage would not have happened if there is no negligence act. There are three essentials involved in determining negligence case. Duty f care, Standard f care and sufficient connection in law. A plaintiff must successfully prove that the defend owed all these essential to them, in order to claim legal damage or remedies. If one more f these essential are missing, the claim for negligence will be unsuccessful. Duty f care means a duty to take reasonable care or exercise reasonable skill. (Latmier, P.2004, p.197). Basically court observes recognized duties f care between professionals and clients, manufacture to consumer, schools to students, employers to employees. Duty f care is the legal requirement that the defendant must stick to a standard f conduct in protection others from unreasonable risk f injury or loss. To be liable for negligence in relation to another person, a person must owe a legal duty f care to that another person, its mean if there is no duty f care owe by the defendant, the plaintiff claim must fail. There are two types f duty f care, duty f care... in negligence act (physical injury or damage) and duty f care in negligence advice, according to the case, it can be seen that it is a negligence act f physical injury to plaintiff, as result as this report will be discussing about duty f care in negligence act (physical injury or damage). To prove that the defendant owe a duty f care is by doing the two test that Lord Atkin had established. And those tests are doctrine reasonable foresee ability and proximity. These two fundamental were devised and stated by Lord Atkin when dealing with the Donoghue v Stevenson case in 1932, and called these elements put together, "the neighbor test". Both these two elements are required in establishing a duty f care was owed. Reasonable foresee ability is whether a reasonable person, in the position f the defendant, have foreseen the like hood f injury to the plaintiff arising out f the defendant's behaviour (Moore, 2005, p.22). From this case that we had seen Mr. Chuck is ordered by his boss to work on a metal frame at manufacture, there is a big chance that the frame which weighing half tone supported by a heavy chain will snap one day and injure the employees who work near the frame, on the other hand the chain breakage is due to the failure f the employer to properly maintain the chain. In addition it does not required the exact nature f the loss or injury been foreseen, just the possibility injury f the same common nature as that suffered. Latmier (2002, p.204) notes that, the proximity requirement is introduces by the law to limit the test f reasonable foreseeability. Proximity between the defendant and plantiff needs to be established before a duty f care can arise. Proximity is defined as, we the proximity f the injured plaintiff such that the defended ought to have had

Steve Jobs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Steve Jobs - Assignment Example revealed that his experience with experimenting on electronic items began when he was about 5 years with his father’s support and guidance; this experience rooted curiosity, passion and experimentation attitude in Jobs. Steve Jobs was known to have an incredibly curious nature; was a quick learner and had a great love for reading. As a child, Jobs was strongly determined, stubborn, and highly focused on things what interested him rather than what he was meant to do. His interest in electronics kept intensifying as time passed, which earned him friends with similar interests (Imbimbo, 2009). Steve’s first introduction to the world of computers happened when he was 12, at Hewlett-Packard office, which fascinated him to the core, and was the root cause of the revolution he later brought into the world of computers. Apart from electronics, Steve had an inclination towards music and played trumpet. He had a flair for artistic things, for example, calligraphy, which later helped him to design fonts for the Macintosh computer. Jobs was known for his inspiring speeches, referred to as Stevenotes; thousands of people would gather to listen to Steve speak about his new inventions every time (Imbimbo, 2009). Along with his friend Steve Wozniak, Jobs designed a computer which later became the Apple I computer. To make more of such computers, both raised money by selling their personal items and started working on their new R&D project, which was called the Apple Computers in 1976 (Rockman, 2004). Jobs along with Wozniak created the Apple II, and Apple III. Steve Jobs was instrumental in launching the Macintosh. After managing Apple Computers Inc for some time, Jobs left Apple and joined Next Inc in 1985. However, Jobs returned to Apple in 1996, which revolutionalised the world of computers, mobile phones and music with the invention of MacBook, iPhones, iPod and iTunes music software, all meant for consumer markets (Armstrong & Kotler, 2010). As a leader,

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Project management - Essay Example Therefore, a demand management will be appropriate in this case so that the changes do not affect the efficiency of the hospital. With the current designed capacity of the hospital being at 4,500 beds and the current effective capacity at 4275 beds, the hospital management can ensure the number of patients admitted do not exceed its bed space (Christopher, 2008). With demand management, accurate forecasting of the level of customers’ demand is essential. For this reason, demand management will part of the resource management of the firm and as that can help in keeping the operation costs of the hospital at manageable and conducive levels (Mangan & Butcher, 2008). If Guys hospital takes into consideration its current efficiency, which is at 78.95% and the current utilization rate which is at 75%, then it is evident that it can be able to achieve more, and in terms of demand management provided it utilizes the resources efficiently. In this case, the demand management technique to be adopted by this hospital should focus on applying planning and forecasting skills in ensuring that patients are accorded the most appropriate care and in the right setting. By Guys hospital management concentrating on the outcomes of such actions such as lack of enough bed space, and making certain that the patients obtain the precise care in the correct setting, its consistency of controlling such similar conditions will increase. This will help reduce variations which might have been leading to delays. i. Reduction of the number of unplanned and inappropriate hospital admissions as this will enable all the hospital services to operate at optimum efficiency and ensure that all patients benefit from the services (Panneerselvam, 2012). Among such services will be providing monitored home-based health care via tele-monitoring and telemedicine. ii. Predicting the source and type of the demand through the use of analytical

Use of computers in construction cost controlling process Essay

Use of computers in construction cost controlling process - Essay Example Cost planning is the means that enables the objectives of project cost management to be achieved. It is the process used during the design stage of a particular scheme to help minimize the cost of construction and subsequent usage, and maximize the functionality that is anticipated by the client. Cost planning is, in fact, a system of procedures and techniques used by quantity surveyors. Its purpose is to ensure that clients are provided with value for money on their projects; that clients and designers are aware of the cost consequences of their proposals; that if they so choose, clients may establish budgets for their projects; and the designers are given advice that enables them to arrive at practical and balanced designs within budget. Therefore cost planning monitors and helps direct design and organizational decisions in order to achieve the clients cost objectives. Cost planning is a process that brings cost information to bear systematically upon the evolution, construction, and maintenance of a project to highlight the relationship between capital and operational investment, quality, function, and appearance, and to provide a framework for the management of costs in order to deliver value for money to the client.( Flangan, 1997) The cost plan is one of the principal documents prepared during the initial stages of the cost management process. It is a statement of the proposed expenditure for each section or element of a building related to a definite standard of quality. ... estimate, tender figure and final account sum are all closely related. Cost Planning : Cost planning is the means that enables the objectives of project cost management to be achieved. It is the process used during the design stage of a particular scheme to help minimize the cost of construction and subsequent usage, and maximize the functionality that is anticipated by the client. Cost planning is in fact a system of procedures and techniques used by quantity surveyors. Its purpose is to ensure that clients are provided with value for money on their projects; that clients and designers are aware of the cost consequences of their proposals; that if they so choose, clients may establish budgets for their projects; and the designers are given advise that enables them to arrive at practical and balanced designs within budget. Therefore cost planning monitors and helps direct design and organizational decisions in order to achieve the clients cost objectives. Cost planning is a process that brings cost information to bear systematically upon the evolution, construction and maintenance of a project to highlight the relationship between capital and operational investment, quality, function and appearance, and to provide a framework for the management of costs in order to deliver value for money to the client.( Flangan, 1997) The cost plan is one of the principal documents prepared during the initial stages of the cost management process. It is a statement of the proposed expenditure for each section or element of a building related to a definite standard of quality. Costs, quantities and specification details are itemized by

The Meaning of Health and Illness in the Mexican Culture Essay

The Meaning of Health and Illness in the Mexican Culture - Essay Example Without a doubt, health can be deeply understood in terms of a combination of biological, cultural and social factors slightly than with the sole purpose in biological terms. As it was stated above that the complete health image can be understood more deep by diverse of factors. No one can deny that the social influence on health is significant, where the better health and higher quality of life of community members depend on the level of their participation in the social networks, assistance to each other and overall change of the society to become more healthy and prosperous. Such social networks usually include the family, friends, neighbors, church, work, sport clubs and other social groups where people can exchange information, experience and advices. For Mexican people, health is seen as holistic issue or a unity between mind, spirit and body. In the West, the doctor hopes to "cure" a problem after people are unbearably sick, when they are in pain or feel physically disruptive symptoms. A traditional Mexican practitioner, by contrast, seeks to prevent disease by keeping all systems balanced and finely tuned throughout the patient's life span. Consultation with the practitioner of acupuncture is ideally an ongoing part of every patient's life. Although the idea of preventive medicine (for instance, prenatal care) is prominent in current discussions about revamping our medical care system, there is really no comparison to the prevention that is accomplished through acupuncture and herbs. illness also comes from a gradual blocking and deficiency of body energy. Mexican people see the body threatened by lifestyle factors such as overeating or overworking. We also look for disharmonies of the internal nature in intensely prolonged emo tional states such as grief or depression (LaVeist, 2005). Mexican culture and gender have their own influences on health care since the person's socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender and other factors directly affect his/her perception of the disease, necessity or financial ability to seek appropriate treatment. It is obvious that those people who live in poverty or from low socioeconomic status receive less medical help than those with stable income and medical coverage. In multi-ethnical communities the doctors can influence the patients by learning and understanding the beliefs, attitudes and experiences of patients from different ethnical groups and nationalities. The influence of gender on health care can be observed while analyzing the female and male patients, their attitudes and behaviors, where men are usually direct and logical decision makers and women are less independent and more influenced by others (Chabram-Derners, Torre 2008). While some symptoms are obvious both for the person him/herself and others around (nervousness, physical dependence on alcohol or drugs, etc), other symptoms are rather difficult to recognize. Usually, people use schemas as the organized ways to look at things and people that influence person's expectations, behavior, etc. Certainly, to seek medical treatment is the responsibility of each drug-dependent person or those who surround him based on the perception of the severity of the addiction symptoms. Though, there are some factors that might positively influence treatment seeking, including belief systems, certain life activities, gender, SES and ethnicity. While the good patient role presumes that the person behaves well and properly by following the prescribed treatment and medical services, the role of bad

Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or Essay

Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or musical performance - Essay Example There was something about the fact that they were elevated above my typical line of vision. Craning my neck, I enjoyed the slow natural rotation of each of the mobiles. Some of the shapes conveyed a sense of whimsy while others had a more threatening feel. After many minutes, I was ready to move on, until I notice how the light played on each of the mobiles and the resulting shadows that were cast upon the walls of the circular room. The shadows created by the lighting installation gave an entirely different dimension to the mobile installation. As the mobiles rotates freely, the shadows cast upon the walls displayed a motion that seemed to be more active than the perceived motion of the mobile. The slightest rotation of the mobile would send a shadow racing across the wall. In addition to this, the shadows were constantly transforming in shape and sharpness. Due to the play of the lighting and the three dimensional construction of the mobiles, some shadows were crisp edged and dark while others, cast from the same mobile resembled amorphous grey smudges. The constant interplay of shadows of different value created movement and action that belied the slowly rotating mobiles mounted above my head. The second exhibition I attended was the Matisse Cutouts in the next room. For the last fifteen years of his life, Matisse rediscovered his passion and creativity by constructing colorful paper cutouts and displaying them on the walls of his studio. Matisse has suffered several personal setbacks that had left him physically and mentally exhausted. He no longer felt inspired to create as a result. While resting, he began to work with the idea of cutting into color to create paper shapes that melded the ideas of painting, drawing and sculpture. The resulting work is interesting to behold, not just because the shapes are beautiful, but also because the scale of the paper cutouts is massive. The most interesting of the

Hume vs Kant Causality Essay Example for Free

Hume vs Kant Causality Essay Humes ultimate goal in his philosophic endeavors was to undermine abstruse Philosophy. By focusing on the aspect of reason, Hume shows there are limitations to philosophy. Since he did not know the limits, he proposed to use reason to the best of his ability, but when he came to a boundary, that was the limit. He conjectured that we must study reason to find out what is beyond the capability of reason. Hume began his first examination if the mind by classifying its contents as Perceptions. Here therefore [he divided] all the perceptions of the mind into two classes or species. (27) First, Impressions represented an image of something that portrayed an immediate relationship. Secondly, there were thoughts and ideas, which constituted the less vivid impressions. For example, the recalling of a memory. From this distinction, Hume decreed that all ideas had origin within impressions. From the distinction of perceptions, Hume created his ? microscope in order to trace all ideas back to impressions. He did this to search for the limits. If an idea could not be traced back to its impression, it was too abstruse. Hume separated the objects of human reason into two categories. First, the relation of ideas, which represented all that is ? a priori. Secondly, he created the category of matters of fact. Matters of fact made up the ? a posteriori piece of the spectrum of reason. Matters of fact are contingent, meaning they could be otherwise. In order to go beyond the objects of human reason, Hume proposed that reasoning was based upon cause and effect. Causal relations help us to know things beyond our page 2 immediate vicinity. All of our knowledge is based on experience. Therefore, we need experience to come to causal relationships of the world and experience constant conjunction. Hume stated that he shall venture to affirm, as a general proposition which admits no exception, that the knowledge of this relation is not in any instance, attained by reasonings ? a priori, but arises entirely from experience. (42) Unfortunately, our experience of constant conjunction only tells us about the past. Rationally, that is all it tells us. We can expect the effect to follow the cause, but it is not a sufficient basis to assume the effect will come from the cause in the future. These things are contingent- they could be different. The connection between these two propositions is not intuitive? it is always inferred. (480) Hume asserted that the future will resemble the past. This is the assumption underlying all our ideas of causality. If the future does not resemble the past, then all our reason based on cause and effect will crumble. When Hume proposed questions such as Is there any more intelligible proposition then to affirm that all trees will flourish in December and January, and will decay in May and June? (49), Hume demonstrates that it is not a relation of ideas that future will resemble the past; it is possible that the course of nature will change. Therefore, what happens in the future is neither a relation of ideas, nor a matter of fact. It is impossible, therefore, that any arguments from experience can prove this resemblance of past to future, since all these arguments are founded on the supposition of that resemblance. (51) Now Hume proposed that all inferences come from custom, not reasoning. Through custom or habits, we have become accustomed to expect an effect to follow a page 3 cause. This is not a rational argument. This argument centers on the theory of constant conjunction, which does not fall under either fork of reason. All inferences from experience, therefore, are effects of custom, not reasoning. (57) Hume analyzed the idea of causality by emphasizing the three demands that can be verified through observation. First he argued the aspect of constant conjunction. In this aspect, the cause and effect must be spatially and constantly existent. Secondly, he asserted that it must have temporal priority, in that, the cause had to precede the effect. Lastly, the event must have a necessary connection- we must develop an understanding of why a cause produces a certain effect. Humes critique of causation is that we cannot see it, we must infer it. For example, two billiard balls, one moving toward the next demonstrate temporal priority because one ball is moving first. Secondly, constant conjunction occurs because the balls exist together spatially and constantly. But, there is no necessary reason why this happens. Hume asserted that we can imagine a world in which the effect would be different. He then concluded that we cant get an impression of a necessary connection, we can only experience constant conjunction and temporal priority. Experience only teaches us how one event constantly follows another, without instructing us in the secret connection which binds them together. (77) We therefore conclude that reason is a limited faculty and that we have no reason to trust our common methods of argument or to think that our usual analogies and probabilities have any authority. (83) In conclusion, Hume asserted that since we do not have any impression of necessary connections, it is our expectation that believes the effect will follow the cause. page 4 The appearance of a cause always conveys the mind, by a customary transition, to the idea of the effect. (87) Since we are trained to expect the impression of necessary connection, the idea of it comes from our minds. Therefore, our belief in necessary connections of the universe is based on a rational facts. Immanuel Kant, a philosopher after Hume, sets out to reform metaphysics. Kant believed that if Hume was right, metaphysics would be impossible. But, Kant was unwilling to surrender to Humes skeptical argument, so Kant sets out to do a critique in order to explore the possibilities and reform metaphysics. Kant begins his critique searching for ? a priori knowledge within philosophy. Kant began to search for the ? a priori principles that were rationally deductible in order to explain why we perceive the things we cannot perceive. Kant believed that the only way that we could get to things necessary and universal was through ? a priori. Kant found that the concept of the connection of cause and effect was by no means the only concept by which the understanding thinks the connection of things ? a priori, but rather that metaphysics consists altogether of such concepts. (8) Kant began to examine pure ? a priori reason by establishing his critique. He stated that there are boundaries and contents. He set out to find what is inside the limitations and what is outside. Kant examined the three bodies of knowledge: math, physical science and metaphysics. Kant said that science must have necessity and universality. This places math and science within reason. Kant first divided judgement into two kinds of knowledge- analytic and synthetic. In the Prolegomena, Kant criticized Hume for having regarded mathematical judgements as analytic. Had he realized that page 5 they were synthetic, Hume would have been able to conclude that some synthetic judgements can be made ? a prior. Kant concluded that math and science fell under ? a priori synthetic judgements. This gives us universality, but it also tells us something. For Kant, knowledge must be necessary and universal qualities must come from ? a priori synthetic judgements. They have to tell us something we dont know, something completely independent of experience. This idea of Kants, completely contradicts Hume. Hume had asserted that anything based on empirical facts had no necessity, and therefore was contingent. Hume also stated that empirical facts couldnt give us universality either, because we cant know future will resemble the past. Kant stated that all Humes beliefs centered upon the fact that nothing but experience could furnish us with such connections. (24) For Hume, all science was empirical, and we could only know what happened so far. In contrast, for Kant, he said that scientific laws claim necessity and universality. It is only from ? a priori that we get universality and necessity. Kant then continued his critique to decipher if metaphysics is possible. Kant separated the faculties of the mind and the way it thinks into three distinctive categories. First, he stated that math was exhibited through intuition. The forms of intuition were ? a priori and had two capacities. First, intuition gave us space and time through pure intuition, and sensory data through empirical intuition. Then, Kant set up a metaphysical distinction between numena and phenomena. Numena represents the things in themselves, while phenomena represents the things for us. In this dichotomy we have no page 6 access to numena. The only way we can get to things outside us is through intuition, but intuition has these forms. This shows our limitations. Mathematics is not applicable to numena. We can have mathematical knowledge of phenomena. From this we can infer we have inter-subjective knowledge. Kant has given us universal and necessary knowledge in the phenomenal realm. Kant points out that the error may arise owing to an illusion, in which [he proclaim] to be universally valid what is merely a subjective condition of the intuition of thing and certain only of all objects of senses, namely for all possible experience. (39) Kant has just suggested that the error and base for all metaphysics is not distinguishing between phenomena and numena. Finally, Kant explained that everything is a distinction of phenomena and numena. We receive necessity and universality through this distinction and also from the projection that phenomena comes from certain ? a priori aspects. Therefore, the future will resemble the past, because we make it resemble the past. Kant used understanding, the second faculty of the mind to explain causality. As the understanding stands in need of categories for experience, reason contains in itself the source of ideas. (76) The function of understanding is thinking, and thinking must use concepts to be an objective thought. The presence of this objective thought verifies its actuality. Therefore, causality, for Kant, was the way in which mind puts together experiences to understand them. Kant found many problems within Humes account. Through his endeavors to prove that metaphysics is possible, and his analyzing of causality, Kant solved the problems he saw within Humes account. Specifically, in the Prolegomena, Kant stated page 7 that Hume justly maintains that we cannot comprehend by reason the possibility of causality. (57) Kant also attacked Humes ideas by describing Humes treatment of the concept of causality to be a bastard of the imagination, impregnated by experience. (5) Kant succeeded in re- establishing the objectivity of causality, a task that Hume had rejected as impossible.

What Is Career Planning And Development Commerce Essay

What Is Career Planning And Development Commerce Essay Individuals can no longer expect job security and a career path that takes them through a steady progression of jobs of increasing status and responsibility. The employee has the lead responsibility for his or her career development. Supervisors, managers, and the organization can provide meaningful assistance in this process. There are numerous ways for an employer to contribute to an individual employees career development and at the same time meet the organizational needs. The outcomes desired by organizations include achieving the best match between people and jobs. Individuals desired outcomes range from status to job flexibility to monetary rewards, depending upon the situation.( Cheryl, H 2005) According to Tricia Jackson, 2004, Career Development is a process of assessing, aligning and balancing organizational and individual needs, capabilities and opportunities and challenges through multiple approaches and methods. It emphasizes the person as an individual who performs configures and adapts various work roles. Career development is not a mere management responsibility. It is a composite organizational process which involves people, addresses their ambitions, assigns them roles responsibilities commensurate with their potential, evaluates their performance, and creates Job positions to accommodate growth ambitions of employees. Career planning is the process of establishing short or long term career goals and objectives and defining the specific steps required to achieve them. These steps may include the type of jobs, training, development and other activities (Jackson, T 2004). Importance of career planning and development There is increasing rate of change of our organizations and in the knowledge and skills we need to perform our jobs. Both external and internal factors influence the need for career development. Among these factors, Slavenski and Buckner (1988) list the following: o The need to identify and forecast personnel needs o Social and demographic trends o The changing nature of work o Changing types of jobs o Equity and a multicultural work force o Worker productivity o Technological change and decreasing advancement opportunities o Organizational philosophies Employers are motivated to establish career development programs because such programs are seen as an effective response to various personnel problems, because top managers prefer to promote existing employees and to ensure a good fit between the work and the worker, and because employees have expressed interest in career development as a benefit (Gutteridge 1986). Above all, most organizations adopt career development programs in response to pragmatic human resource concerns and because they believe it will help ensure a continued supply of qualified, talented personnel (Gutteridge 1986, p. 58). It is a known fact that most professionals leave an organisation due to lack of career growth. Active career development initiatives by a company is a key retention tool to keep the best talent within its fold. (Sudipta Dev) Advantages of career planning and development Every organisation needs to retain people with the right skills and talent. This can be enabled by investing in their future growth and showing them the path to fulfil their dreams. In this process the effort put by employees gives a fillip to their performance and transforms into greater organisational productivity. The whole process should be well organised to receive full support from employees who will clearly see the advantages. It is mutually beneficial to the employee as well as the employer. No organisation can develop without taking its employees on the growth path and an individuals development is meaningless if it does not align with the organisational goals and strategies. When an individuals aspirations is directed elsewhere from that of his organisations it can lead to absolute chaos. Sudipta Dev) For the employees Career development programmes enable a deeper focus on an employees aims and aspirations-from identification of the handicaps being faced by an employee in accomplishing his goals to the solutions in terms of re-skilling or reassignment. This focus acts as the significant motivator for an employee to excel and exceed the targets From the employees point of view career development initiatives gives them a clear focus about their career track, the blind spots that they have to overcome and the final goal to be reached. This focussed approach works to their advantage from their everyday work to long-term aspirations. (Sudipta Dev) For the organization These career development efforts bring into focus high potential candidates who can be groomed for greater responsibilities in the future. (Sudipta Dev) n organisation focussed on developing the career path of its employees boosts the morale and ultimately the productivity of its staff. (Sudipta Dev) Purpose In undertaking its wide-sweeping Compensation Reform initiative, the Commonwealth of Virginia overhauled its classification and compensation system in favor of a modernized, flexible compensation and performance management system that offers employees the opportunity to more easily take advantage of career opportunities. The current initiative of Compensation Reform is Career Development. This Career Development Guide provides state employees and their management with a reference document that: Offers a general road map for continuing career and professional development. Provides an understanding of the behavioral and technical competencies that are required to effectively perform tasks in their occupations, and to use for career planning. Presents a reference document on learning and other developmental opportunities which may be used in preparation of Employee Development Plans a component of the Employee Work Profile The purpose of career development is to: Enhance each employees current performance Enable individuals to take advantage of future job opportunities Fulfill their employers goals for a dynamic and effective workforce. We live in uncertain times. Factors outside of the employee and employers control may affect the outcome of career actions. But one thing is true the best career development move is to perform well in ones current position. Consistent, high quality performance along with thoughtful career planning will help ensure continued success on the job. People at your company who want to advance their careers are always looking for ways to sharpen and improve their skill sets. Your challenge becomes making sure youre investing in learning programs that will best help your employees address their skill gaps, prepare for future roles, and achieve individual goals-thereby contributing to the success of your company. With carrer planning and Development employers can establish a clear path for employees to achieving their goals. Steps to career planning Steps to Career Planning Step Action 1 Conduct self-assessment. 2 Explore careers that interest you. 3 Make decisions and set goals. 4 Create an action planner. 5 Manage your career. It is important to know your overall goal. Think about where you would like to be at the end of your career and set your plan to get there. The best way to ensure compatibility and balance in your life and career is to consider all aspects of your life from the beginning of your plan. Once you have a sense of what you are trying to accomplish overall, it is important for you to establish your current status. A personal inventory can reveal your: abilities interests and attitudes The inventory will define your: strengths and weaknesses Looking for a match between your strengths and the work you are doing or considering is the most important step before making any decisions. Assessing your personality and attitudes will help you determine the best way for you to move toward your goal: What are your current skills and achievements? What about knowledge and values? How will your learning style impact your pursuit? What are your interests? When you are clear on these things, you will be able to make better choices about the direction you want your career to take and do a better job of convincing prospective employers that you are the best choice!